Tuesday, November 10, 2009
About my birth place the town of Santa Cruz, Laguna
Santa Cruz, Laguna
| Municipality of Santa Cruz | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Location | |
 | |
| Government | |
| Region | CALABARZON (Region IV-A) |
| Province | Laguna |
| District | 4th District of Laguna |
| Barangays | 26 |
| Income class | 1st |
| Founded | 1602 |
| Mayor | Ariel T. Magcalas |
| ZIP Code | 4009 |
| Physical characteristics | |
| Area | 38.59 km² |
| Population Total | 101,914 |
| Population Census of Santa Cruz | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Census | Pop. | Rate | |
| 1995 | 86,978 | ||
| 2000 | 92,694 | 1.38% | |
| 2007 | 101,914 | 1.32% | |
Santa Cruz is situated on the banks of the Santa Cruz River which course its way along the eastern part of the famous Laguna de Bay. The town is bounded by the Bay on the north, by Lumban and Pagsanjan towns in the east, Pagsanjan and Magdalena towns in the south, and Pila and Liliw towns in the west. It is approximately 87 kilometers from Manila via Calamba and 105 km via Pililla, in the province of Rizal. It is accessible by land from the nearby 28 municipalities and by water through Laguna de Bay from Manila and some Rizal towns.
Santa Cruz is considered as the service and commercial center on the eastern part of the province. The town is composed of five barangays in the Poblacion area and 21 classified urban barangays. Although relatively far from the immediate urbanizing influence of Metropolitan Manila, Santa Cruz continues to progress. It is now classified as first class municipality. The present administration is headed by the Honorable Mayor Ariel Magcalas. Santa Cruz is also the seat of the provincial government since 1885, giving the municipality an additional administrative function over the entire province. It also functions as the service center for transportation, commerce, health, education, and other social services for the predominantly rural northeastern municipalities of the province. Boosting the economy of the municipality are the incipient and fast growing agribusiness industries such as livestock raising, horticulture and aquaculture. The town is composed of twenty-six (26) urban barangays. All barangays are being classified as urban.
The development of Santa Cruz as the administrative, commercial, and service center of Laguna makes it accessible for all private/public vehicles going to nearby places particularly Pagsanjan, Lake Caliraya, Liliw, Paete and Nagcarlan.
Contents |
History of Santa Cruz, Laguna
During the last decade of the 16th century, Santa Cruz, the premier town of Laguna was once a well populated barrio of the present municipality of Lumban, as well as other contemporary towns like Pagsanjan, Cavinti, Paete and Pangil. In 1602, Santa Cruz separated from Lumban and became a pueblo with its church and local government.It is a town which since its foundation in 1602, had been ravaged by calamitous forces such as fires, typhoons, floods and human vandalism during the Philippine Revolution of 1896-1899, the war of the Philippine Independence (1899-1902), Battle of Santa Cruz the assault of the Tulisanes (bandits) during the Spanish times, and the beginning to the Filipino troops and recognized guerrillas from the Second Battle of Santa Cruz in January 26, 1945. Santa Cruz survived all these disastrous calamities , for it is patiently resilient as the durable bamboos and as indestructive as the Rock of all Ages.
Characterized by fertile flat lands situated along the coastal plains of Laguna de Bay, the economic base of the town had been traditionally anchored on two primary industries, namely agriculture and fishing which still remain up to the present. In view of the strategic location of Santa Cruz relative to the other coastal settlements about the lake, trading activities have likewise rooted on the town during those early settlement days. The town proper which has always been the focal point of activities used to be accessible to the other lakeshore areas due to the navigable Santa Cruz River aside from the Laguna de Bay itself. Since those early days, water is the principal mode of transportation.
Today, Santa Cruz serves as the capital of Laguna and is considered as the business and commercial center on the eastern part of the province.[1]
Natural and Physical Characteristics
Geographic Location and Land Area
Situated at the central portion of Laguna province along the southeastern coast of Laguna de Bay, the Municipality of Santa Cruz lies approximately 87 kilometers southeast of Metro Manila via Calamba and is geographically located at approximately 14 degrees 17' latitude and 121 degrees 25' longitude. The municipality is bounded on the north and northwest by Laguna de Bay, on the northeast by Lumban, on the east by Pagsanjan, on the southeast by Magdalena , on the south by Liliw,, and on the southwest by Pila. It has 26 barangays and covers approximate land area of 3860 hectares which comprises about 2% of the total land area of Laguna Province.- Land Area: 3,860 Hect.
- Residential: 381.97
- Commercial: 35.96
- Institutional: 92.17
- Functional Open Space: 31.27
- Roads: 157.73
- Total Built-up: 696.10
- Agricultural: 3,048.57
- Special Use: 115.33Climate
Characteristics
The two types of rocks found in Santa Cruz are clastic and alluvium rocks. Clasti rocks are located at the eastern portion of the municipality specifically in Barangay Alipit , San Jose, Oogong, Jasaan, San Juan, Palasan, and portions of Barangays Pagsawitan, Patimbao, Bubukal, Labuin and Malinao. These rocks consist of interbedded shale and sandstone with occasional thin lenses of limestone, tuff, and reworked sandy tuffs, calcareous sandstone and partly tufficeous shale.Economy
Annual Income
- 2008 — 160,196,679.38
- 2007 — 135,792,097.46
- 2006 — 128,812,429.41
- 2005 — 117,351,293.14
Commerce
Being the provincial capital of Laguna, Santa Cruz serves as service center of the province particularly for the municipalities on its northeastern part. As such, the town is expected to continue to fulfill this established role in the years to come.Trade and commerce shall remain to be one of the primary economic activities in the locality. The presence of jeepney services plying Lumban, Paete, Siniloan, Pila, Victoria, Cavinti-Caliraya, Luisiana, Majayjay, Calumpang, Nagcarlan, Liliw, Magdalena, Pagsanjan, and Calamba has further enhanced the municipality's role as a commerce and trade center.
The center of business activities is in the poblacion specifically at Barangay V where the four (4) buildings of Public Market is situated. Within this vicinity are the MOTORWORLD Sales Center, Joy Supermarket, Centro Department Store, and Goodwill Supermarket. Development in this vicinity has been a quasi-residential commercial type as manifested by the proliferation of structures which are used both for business and residential purposes by the proprietors/owners. There is also concentration of business establishments at the section of the national highway/expressway especially Barangay Gatid where the Sunstar Mall is located, and the abandoned PNR Railway (road) while a strip pattern of commercial development is noticeable along the Quezon Avenue and along the old highway and Pedro Guevarra Avenue.
Santa Cruz has many establishment that contribute to its development.
Sterling Paper Group of Companies, which started as maker of photo albums and stationeries is now a conglomerate of a successful business ranging from greeting cards, school and office supplies, toys to real estate and agri-business.
Commercial Centers
- Sunstar Mall — First Mall of the town
- CENTRO Department Store — located near the old public market
- Ever Gotesco Mall — soon to rise
- Goodwill Grocery — with a branch in Pagsanjan, Laguna
- Joy Shopping Center — a commercial center located near the public market, very accessible
- Joy Supermarket — a supermarket that caters wholesalers and retailers from all over Laguna
- M&W Townstore — soon to rise
- Metrostar Department Store — 2nd floor, Sunstar Mall
- MOTORWORLD Sales Center— located at N. Tobias St.,a hardware shop with complete line in bicycle, motorcycle parts, agricultural and industrial engines, construction equipment, generators, water pumps, powertools, handtools, plumbing, electrical, pet accessories, lightings, cellphone/internet/game cards, complete line of eloads, dream satellite, electronics, computers, surveillance cameras, sound system, office supplies, household hardware, construction materials, sports equipment/accessories/gear, fishing supplies, praise music and many more
- Robinsons Place Santa Cruz — soon to rise
- Total: Super Value Department Store — Along A. Regidor St.
- Tourism Center — soon to rise
- TSALELAS (Retail/Wholesale) — a footwear store located at Joy Shopping Center, Lobby of Joy Supermarket
- 7-Eleven
- Chowking — 2 stores
- Dunkin Donuts
- Goldilocks Bakeshop
- Greenwich Pizza
- Jollibee — 2 stores
- Max's Restaurant — Sunstar Mall
- McDonald's
- Mercury Drug — 2 branches in the town
- Ministop — soon to open
- Mister Donut
- Shakey's — Sunstar Mall (soon to open)
Educational Establishments
Elementary (Primary & Intermediate): Public: 16 - Private: 10High School: Public: 2 - Private: 5
College: Public: 2 - Private: 8
Vocational: Public: 1 - Private: 2
Kindergarten School: Public: 35 - Private: 10
Students:
Elementary — 15,291
High School — 8,155
Tertiary — 10,914
- Basic Christian International School and Special Education Center, Inc.
- ACTS Computer College
- AMA Computer University
- AMA Computer Learning Center (ACLC)
- Don Bosco High School
- Immaculate Conception Catholic School
- Laguna Santiago Educational Foundation Inc.
- Laguna State Polytechnic University
- Laguna University
- Pedro Guevarra Memorial National High School
- Philippine Women's University
- STI College
- United Evangelical Church School
- Union College of Laguna
- Montessori Professional College
- University of the East — soon to rise
Hotel, Bar & Restaurant
- Pleasant View Hotel — Barangay Patimbao HI-Way, Santa Cruz, Laguna
- Festival Gardens — Santa Cruz, Laguna
- Traveler's Hotel — Barangay Pagsawitan, Santa Cruz, Laguna
- Tres Palmas Bar & Restaurant — National Highway Barangay Bubukal, Santa Cruz, Laguna
- CPBS Lifestyle Bar/Cafe — Barangay Pagsawitan, Santa Cruz, Laguna
SPA and Beauty
- Kami no ishi, Facial, Massage and Spa Salon —the first professional spa in town, Taleon St, Santa Cruz, Laguna
- Lynderm Facial & Derm Clinic — P. Guevara Avenue, Santa Cruz, Laguna
- Asian Derm Clinic — Regidor St., Santa Cruz, Laguna
Hospitals
Private Hospitals: 5 Rural Health Units: 2 Government Hospital: 1 Health Centers: 26- Laguna Doctors Hospital
- Laguna Provincial Hospital
Activities
Santa Cruz may not have natural tourist spots and no wide areas to develop but one thing the townsmen of Santa Cruz are proud of are the local foods available in the town. Santa Cruz boasts of the infamous white cheese or kesong puti, freshly made from carabao's milk.- Kesong Puti Festival — December 1-5, 2009
- Ginoo at Binibining Santa Cruz 2009 — April 23, 2009
- Anilag Festival
- Sampaguita Arch Festival
Barangays
Santa Cruz is politically subdivided into 26 barangays.
|
|
Sister Cities
References
- ^ COMPREHENSIVE LAND USE PLAN SANTA CRUZ, LAGUNA PLANNING PERIOD : 2000 - 2010 % PREPARED BY THE: MUNICIPAL PLANNING AND DEVELOPMENT STAFF k. SANTA CRUZ, LACUNA JUNE 2000
External links
- Philippine Standard Geographic Code
- 1995 Philippine Census Information
- 2000 Philippine Census Information
- 2007 Philippine Census Information
- 2007 Philippine Census Information
| ||||||||
Personal tools
related articles
Toolbox
- This page was last modified on 10 November 2009 at 10:48.
- Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. See Terms of Use for details.
Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. - Privacy policy
- About Wikipedia
Saturday, November 7, 2009
About our home country, Philippines
Philippines
This article is about the country in Southeast Asia. For the town in the Netherlands, see Philippine (Netherlands).
| Republic of the Philippines Republika ng Pilipinas | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ||||||
| Motto: Maka-Diyos, Maka-Tao, Makakalikasan, at Makabansa[1] ("For God, People, Nature, and Country") | ||||||
| Anthem: Lupang Hinirang ("Chosen Land") | ||||||
 | ||||||
| Capital | Manila 14°35′N 121°0′E / 14.583°N 121°E | |||||
| Largest city | Quezon City | |||||
| Official languages | Filipino (Tagalog) , English | |||||
| Recognised regional languages | Bikol, Cebuano, Hiligaynon, Ilokano, Kapampangan, Kinaray-a, Maguindanao, Maranao, Pangasinan, Tausug, Waray-Waray [2] | |||||
| Voluntary and optional languages | Spanish and Arabic | |||||
| National language | Filipino | |||||
| Demonym | Filipino or Pinoy | |||||
| Government | Unitary presidential constitutional republic | |||||
| - | President | Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo | ||||
| - | Vice President | Noli de Castro | ||||
| - | Senate President | Juan Ponce Enrile | ||||
| - | House Speaker | Prospero C. Nograles | ||||
| - | Supreme Court Chief Justice | Reynato Puno | ||||
| Independence | from Spain3 from United States | |||||
| - | Established | April 27, 1565 | ||||
| - | Declared | June 12, 1898 | ||||
| - | Self-government | March 24, 1934 | ||||
| - | Recognized | July 4, 1946 | ||||
| - | Current constitution | February 2, 1987 | ||||
| Area | ||||||
| - | Total | 300,000 km2 [3](72nd) 115,831 sq mi | ||||
| - | Water (%) | 0.61%[3] | ||||
| Population | ||||||
| - | 2009 estimate | 91,983,000[4] (12th) | ||||
| - | 2007 census | 88,574,614 [5] | ||||
| - | Density | 306.6/km2 (44th) 794.1/sq mi | ||||
| GDP (PPP) | 2008 estimate | |||||
| - | Total | $317.964 billion[6] (36th) | ||||
| - | Per capita | $3,515[6] (123rd) | ||||
| GDP (nominal) | 2008 estimate | |||||
| - | Total | $166.909 billion[6] (47th) | ||||
| - | Per capita | $1,845[6] (121st) | ||||
| Gini (2006) | 45.8[3] (medium) | |||||
| HDI (2007) | ▲ 0.751[7] (medium) (105th) | |||||
| Currency | Peso (Filipino: piso  ) (PHP) | |||||
| Time zone | PST (UTC+8) | |||||
| - | Summer (DST) | not observed (UTC+0) | ||||
| Drives on the | right[8] | |||||
| Internet TLD | .ph | |||||
| Calling code | 63 | |||||
| 1 | Spanish and Arabic are recognized as auxiliary languages in the Philippine Constitution. | |||||
| 2 | Rankings above were taken from associated Wikipedia pages as of December, 2007, and may be based on data or data sources other than those appearing here. | |||||
| 3 | Philippine revolutionaries declared independence from Spain on June 12, 1898, but the Spanish claim of sovereignty was passed from Spain to the United States in the Treaty of Paris. This led to the Philippine-American War. | |||||
With an estimated population of about 92 million people, the Philippines is the world's 12th most populous country.[11][12] It is estimated that there are about 11 million overseas Filipinos worldwide, equivalent to about 11% of the total population of the Philippines.[13] Multiple ethnicities and cultures are found throughout the islands. Ecologically, the Philippines with its tropical climate is one of the most diverse countries in the world.[14]
Its national economy is the 47th largest in the world, with an estimated 2008 gross domestic product (GDP nominal) of over US$ 166.9 billion (nominal).[15] Primary exports include semiconductors and electronic products, transport equipment, garments, copper products, petroleum products, coconut oil, and fruits.[3] Major trading partners include China, Japan, the United States, Singapore, Hong Kong, Saudi Arabia, South Korea, Thailand, and Malaysia.[3] Its unit of currency is the Philippine peso (PHP).
In ancient times the archipelago was populated by successive waves of Austronesian peoples who established rival Malay, Hindu, and Islamic maritime states. Trade introduced Chinese cultural influences. The arrival of Ferdinand Magellan in 1521 marked the beginning of an era of Spanish interest and eventually dominance. The Philippines became the Asian hub of the Manila-Acapulco galleon treasure fleet. Christianity became widespread and there was a brief British Invasion. Imperialism enforced the unification of subjugated peoples and as the 19th century gave way to the 20th, there followed in quick succession the short-lived Philippine Revolution, the Spanish-American War, and the Philippine-American War. In the aftermath, the United States replaced Spain as the dominant power. Aside from the period of Japanese occupation, the United States retained sovereignty over the islands until the end of World War II when the Philippines gained independence. The United States bequeathed to the Philippines the English language and its democratic presidential system of government. Since independence the Philippines has had an often tumultuous experience with democracy, with popular "People Power" movements overthrowing a dictatorship in one instance but also underlining the institutional weaknesses of its constitutional republic in others.
Contents[hide] |
Etymology
Main article: Name of the Philippines
The name Philippines was derived from King Philip II of Spain in the 16th century. Spanish explorer Ruy López de Villalobos used the name Las Islas Filipinas, in honor of the Prince of Asturias (Spain) during his expedition to the islands, originally referring to the islands of Leyte and Samar.[16][17] Despite the presence of other names, the name Filipinas was chosen as the name of the archipelago.The official name of the Philippines changed throughout the course of its history. During the Philippine Revolution, it was officially called República Filipina or the Philippine Republic. From the period of the Spanish-American War and the Philippine-American War, until the Commonwealth period, American colonial authorities referred to the country as the Philippine Islands, a translation of the original Spanish name. It was during the American period that the name Philippines began to appear, a name that has become its common name. The official name of the country is now Republic of the Philippines.
History
Main article: History of the Philippines
Early History
Speakers of the Malayo-Polynesian languages, a branch of Austronesian languages, began to arrive in successive waves beginning about 6,000 years ago, displacing the early settlers.[19]
During 2205 to 2106 B.C.E., the Ifugao fled their ancestral homeland in mainland Asia and migrated to the Cordilleras. Thereafter, they established a plutocratic society[21] and built the Banaue Rice Terraces on the highland regions of central Luzon.[22]
By 1000 B.C.E. the inhabitants of the Philippine archipelago had developed into four distinct kinds of peoples: tribal groups, such as the Aetas, Hanunoo, Ilongots & the Mangyan who depended on hunter-gathering and are concentrated in forests; warrior societies, such as the Isneg & Kalingas who practiced social ranking and ritualized warfare and roamed the plains; the petty plutocracy of the Ifugao Cordillera Highlanders, who occupy the mountain ranges of Luzon; and the harbor principalities of the estuarine civilizations that grew along rivers and seashores while participating in trans-island maritime trade.[23]
Around 300–700 C.E. the seafaring peoples of the islands traveling in balangays began to trade with the Indianized kingdoms in the Malay Archipelago and the nearby East Asian principalities, adopting influences from both Buddhism and Hinduism.[24][25]
Classical Epoch
By the 11th century several exiled datus of the collapsing empire of the Srivijaya[40] led by Datu Puti led a mass migration to the central islands of the Philippines, fleeing from Rajah Makatunao of the island of Borneo. Upon reaching the island of Panay and purchasing the island from Negrito chieftain Marikudo, they established a confederation of polities and named it the Confederation of Madyaas centered in Aklan and they settled the surrounding islands of the Visayas. This confederation reached its peak under Datu Padojinog. During his reign the confederations' hegemony extended over most of the islands of Visayas. Its people consistently made piratical attacks against Chinese imperial shipping.[41]
During 1225, the Country of Mai, a Sinified prehispanic Philippine island-state centered in Mindoro, had a flourished as an entrepot, this attracted traders & shipping from the Kingdom of Ryukyu to the Yamato Empire. This made Chao Ju-kua, a superintendent of Maritime Trade in Fukien province, China write a book entitled Chu Fan Chih (An account of the various barbarians) which described trade with this classical Philippine state.[42]
However, during the reign of Sultan Bolkiah in 1485 to 1521, the Sultanate of Brunei decided to break the Dynasty of Tondo's monopoly in the China trade by attacking Tondo and establishing the state of Selurong (now Manila) as a Bruneian satellite-state.[45][46] A new dynasty under the Islamized Rajah Salalila[47] was also established to challenge the House of Lakandula in Tondo.[48] Islam was further strengthened by the arrival to the Philippines of traders and proselytizers from Malaysia and Indonesia.[49] Consequently, the multiplicity of nations competing over limited territory and people in the islands produced a state of Précarité (Precariousness). This made the colonization of the islands from stronger foreign Imperial powers, easy when conquistadors can employ the classic divide and conquer strategy for rapid conquest.
Colonial Era
In 1521, Portuguese-born Spanish explorer Ferdinand Magellan arrived in Samar and Leyte and claimed the islands for Spain[50] but was killed by a militia from Mactan island ruled by the datu Lapu-Lapu. The survivors of the expedition, however, returned to Spain and served as the impetus for the further discovery and conquest of the Philippine Islands.[50]Colonization began when Spanish explorer Miguel López de Legazpi, arrived from Mexico in 1565 and formed the first European settlements in Cebu. In 1571, the Spanish occupied the kingdoms of Maynila and Tondo and established Manila as the capital of the Spanish East Indies.[52][53] Spanish power was further consolidated after Miguel López de Legazpi's conquest of the Confederation of Madya-as, his subjugation of Rajah Tupas the King of Cebu and Juan de Salcedo's ransacking of the Chinese warlord Limahong's pirate kingdom in Pangasinan. This grab for power eventually culminated with the mass murder and exile of the royal families of the Dynasty of Tondo & the Kingdom of Maynila when the Tondo Conspiracy of 1587-1588 failed[54] in which a planned grand alliance with the Japanese Empire's admiral Gayo, Butuan's last rajah and Brunei's Sultan Bolkieh, would have restored the old aristocracy. Its failure resulted in the hanging of Agustín de Legazpi (great grandson of Miguel Lopez de Legazpi and the initiator of the plot) and the execution of Magat Salamat (the crown-prince of Tondo).[55]
In the following years, the colony was governed as a territory of the Viceroyalty of New Spain, centered in Mexico, from 1565 to 1821 and administered directly from Spain from 1821 to 1898. Subsequently, the Aztec and Mayan mercenaries Legaspi brought with him eventually settled in Mexico, Pampanga where traces of Aztec and Mayan influence can still be proven by the many chico plantations in the area (chico is a fruit indigenous only to Mexico) and also by the name of the province itself.[56]
The fragmented nature of the islands made it easy for Spanish colonization. The Spanish then attempted to bring political unification to the Philippine archipelago via the conquest of the various states but they were unable to subjugate the sultanates of Mindanao and the tribes and highland plutocracy of the Ifugao of Northern Luzon. The Spanish introduced elements of western civilization such as the code of law, western printing and the Gregorian calendar alongside new food resources such as maize, pineapple and chocolate from Latin America.[57] From 1565 to 1821, the Philippines was governed from Mexico City via the Royal Audiencia of Manila, before it was administered directly from Madrid after the Mexican revolution.[58] The Manila Galleons which linked Manila to Acapulco traveled once or twice a year between the 16th and 19th centuries. The Spanish military fought off various indigenous revolts and several external colonial challenges, especially from the British, Chinese pirates, Dutch, and Portuguese. Roman Catholic missionaries converted most of the lowland inhabitants to Christianity and founded schools, universities, and hospitals. In 1863 a Spanish decree introduced education, establishing public schooling in Spanish.[59]
During the British occupation of 1762–1764, General William Draper lead an army of British soldiers and Indian sepoy mercenaries against the forces of then, Governor-General and Archbishop Manuel Rojo del Rio y Vieyra. The British liberated Sultan Azim ud-Din I of Sulu from imprisonment in Manila and supported the Vigan revolt of Gabriela Silang while simultaneously burning the city of Manila to the ground. Nevertheless, Spanish sovereignty in the islands was restored by the signing of the Treaty of Paris (1763).[60]
The Spanish eventually opened Philippine ports to world trade. Wealth increased and many filipinos, criollos and mestizos became rich. The numbers of Spanish and Latino settlers swelled, this secularized churches and government positions traditionally held by the peninsulares. The ideals of revolution also began to spread through the islands. Criollo insurgency resulted in the Novales mutiny, and the revolt in Cavite El Viejo in 1872 that would lead to the Philippine Revolution.[61]
Andrés Bonifacio, meanwhile, established the secret society called the Katipunan in 1892, which sought independence from Spain through armed revolt.[64] Bonifacio and the Katipunan started the Philippine Revolution in 1896. A faction of the Katipunan, the Magdalo of Cavite province, eventually came to challenge Bonifacio's position as the leader of the revolution. Emilio Aguinaldo took over from Bonifacio (who was executed afterwards in one of the most infamous, tragic, and contentious incidents in Philippine history) and formed the Republic of Biak-na-Bato in 1897.[65] A ceasefire was agreed at the Treaty of Biak-na-Bato, which led to the revolutionary leaders to depart for Hong Kong, in exile, officially ending the revolution on May 17, 1897, though rebel activities continued regardless of the treaty.[66]
The Spanish-American War began in Cuba in 1898 and reached the Philippines after the United States invaded the islands and fought Spain in the Battle of Manila Bay. Aguinaldo collaborated with the United States, returned from exile and declared Philippine independence from Spain in Kawit, Cavite on June 12, 1898, and established the República Filipina or the Philippine Republic in Malolos, Bulacan the following year after Spain's defeat. Meanwhile, Spain ceded the islands together with Cuba, Puerto Rico and Guam, to the United States for $20 million during the Treaty of Paris. This led to the Philippine-American War, during which, Aguinaldo was captured on March 23, 1901. The war (along with the Moro Rebellion), continued until 1913. At least 34,000 Filipinos lost their lives as a direct result of the war and at least 200,000 may have died as a result of the cholera epidemic at the war's end.[67][68][69] After two interim governing commissions, the Philippine Insular Government was established in the July, 1902 by the Philippine Organic Act, restoring civilian government after the Philippine-American War.[70]
Efforts to prepare the country for independence were hampered by the Japanese invasion during World War II. Despite an effort to defend the country in Bataan and Corregidor, the country was occupied and was turned into a controlled government by various foreign and local political dictators run by José P. Laurel. Numerous war crimes were committed during the years of the occupation, such as the plight of comfort women and the Bataan Death March. In exile, Quezon continued representing the Commonwealth in forums such as the Pacific War Council and the United Nations until his death in 1943. The islands were liberated in 1944–1945, beginning in the Battle of Leyte Gulf, where General Douglas MacArthur led the Allied Forces and the United States Military (U.S. Army, U.S. Navy and U.S. Marine Corps) and escorted Sergio Osmeña, Quezon's successor, back to the country. The liberation ended after the Battle of Manila, killing almost 100,000 people, bringing the death toll for the country to at least a million dead.[75] On July 4, 1946: in the ruined Philippine capital; the United States granted the Philippines its independence from colonial rule due to domestic conservative interests[76] and an aggressive campaign by the Nacionalista Party[77] but it was still maintaining the Clark Air Base[78] and the Subic Naval Base and even enforcing unequal economic treaties such as the Bell Trade Act.[79]
Contemporary Period
After the World War II, the Philippines faced the plague of political instability. Since 1946, remnants of the Hukbalahap communist rebel army continued to roam the rural regions, disgruntled after the government had rejected their contribution during World War II. Attempts at reconciliation were established by former President Ramón Magsaysay.In 1962 Carlos P. Garcia was elected president. He was followed by Diosdado Macapagal, the 9th president of the Philippines & the 1st Philippine president with royal lineage tracing back to Rajah Lakandula. The 1960s was a period of economic growth for the Philippines, which developed into one of the wealthiest in Asia. Ferdinand Marcos then became president and barred from seeking a third term, he declared martial law on September 23, 1972. Using the crises of political conflicts, the tension of the
After the assasination, the People Power Revolution occurred. The people gathered and protested in EDSA, instigated by the Archbishop of Manila, Jaime Cardinal Sin, who was opposed to the dictatorship of Ferdinand Marcos. The People Power Revolution shocked the whole world by being the first non-violent revolution caught on camera.[80] The video footage of Nuns and children stopping war tanks using only their bodies in fervent prayer sent a powerful political message of transcendence which reverberated across the globe.[81] Consequently, this served as an inspiration for the spread of more non-violent revolutions across the world[80] and freeing it from the grip of the Soviet Communists and American Imperialists when the peoples oppressed by the puppet-regimes supported by the two Cold War Superpowers followed suit and threw off their own dictators in similar non-violent revolutions. Eventually this caused the end of Communist rule in Eastern Europe[82] and the removal of US supported autocrats in Latin-America[83]. The democratic movement eventually culminating with the fall of the Berlin Wall.[84]
After losing the subsequent election to Corazón Aquino, the widow of Benigno Aquino and the symbol of the People Power Revolution, who became the first female president of the Philippines and the first female president in Asia; Ferdinand Marcos, a CIA supported dictator [85] and his allies departed to Hawaii in exile aboard American military helicopters.[86]
The return of democracy and government reforms after the events of 1986 were hampered by an IMF induced national debt, government corruption, coup attempts, a Communist insurgency and an Islamic separatist organization. Nevertheless, US Military Bases in the Philippines (The largest ever built) were shutdown and converted to Freeport Zones. Furthermore, the economy improved during the administration of Fidel V. Ramos, who was elected in 1992.[87] However, the economic improvements were negated at the onset of the East Asian financial crisis in 1997.
Due to his popularity among the poor and uneducated by being a movie actor, Joseph Ejercito Estrada was elected president. The 2001 EDSA Revolution however, led to his downfall when he was found guilty of fraud and plunder.[88]
Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo took leadership in 2001 following the controversial EDSA 2 revolution and the impeachment of the Estrada government. She is contextually; a democratically elected Queen by being a daughter of a former Head of State, Diosdado Macapagal and by being a long lost descendant of Rajah Lakandula the last reigning King of the Tondo Dynasty through Don Juan Macapagal, an ancestor.[89] Her legitimacy is furthermore cemented by having gained power by orchestrating a revolution.[90] The Macapagal branch of the Tondo Royal family, survived the persecution of the ages by changing their surname from "Lakandula" to "Macapagal". This makes the EDSA 2 revolution the only revolution in modern history, to have resurrected an ancient but lost royal dynasty.[91]
The presidency of Arroyo was marred by a handful of political difficulties. Terrorism in the south began to fester and move up north while an unruly military began plotting coup attempts in the capital, Manila. Several natural disasters also posed a challenge along with political controversies popping-up here and there. Yet, despite the bleak situation, positive instances did occur. The economy continued to grow and stabilize, the strongest in over twenty years, despite a financial crisis,[92] [92][93] while relations with neighboring countries continued to prosper. Two democratic elections were also held at this time.
In 2007, the World Bank has declared the Philippines a "Newly industrialized country"[94] while the prestigious Goldman Sachs Group has predicted that the Philippines will be one of the Next Eleven economies which will shape world trade.[95] Their prophesies proved true during the onset of the Late-2000s recession when the whole world fell victim to the economic devastation wrought by Subprime Banking mess resulting in every industrialized country having a negative growth rate. Something which the Philippines defied by predicting a positive GDP growth rate during the 2009 fiscal year.[96] However, Corazon C. Aquino, heroine of people power, died on August 2009. Immediately, plans are underway to declare her a saint.[97]
Politics and government
Main articles: Politics of the Philippines, President of the Philippines, and Constitution of the Philippines
The Philippines has a presidential, unitary form of government (with some modification, there is one autonomous region largely free from the national government), where the President functions as both head of state and head of government and is commander-in-chief of the armed forces. The president is elected by popular vote to a single six-year term, during which time she or he appoints and presides over the cabinet.[2]
The bicameral Congress is composed of a Senate, serving as the upper house, with members elected to a six-year term, and a House of Representatives, serving as the lower house, with members elected to a three-year term. They are elected from both legislative districts and through sectoral representation.[2]
The judicial power is vested in the Supreme Court, composed of a Chief Justice as its presiding officer and fourteen associate justices, all appointed by the Philippine President from nominations submitted by the Judicial and Bar Council.[2]
There have been attempts to change the government to a federal, unicameral or parliamentary government beginning in the term of Ramos up to the present administration.[98][99]
Security and defense
Main articles: Armed Forces of the Philippines and Philippine National Police
In the Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao, the largest separatist organizations, the Moro National Liberation Front and the Moro Islamic Liberation Front, are actively engaging the government, seeking more rights and better autonomy for their people. Militant organizations, such as the New People's Army and the Abu Sayyaf Group, have been roaming the provinces, however their presence has decreased in recent years due to successful security provided by the Philippine government.[100][101]
The Philippines has been an ally of the United States since World War II.[102] It has supported American policies during the Cold War, and has participated in the Korean and Vietnam wars as a result of the country's involvement with SEATO, a group that includes Australia, France, New Zealand, Pakistan, Thailand, the United Kingdom and the United States.[103] After the start of the War on Terror, there has been additional support from the United States military.[104] The country is currently working with the United States, through a visiting forces agreement, with the intention of ending the insurgency in the country.[105][106] The Philippines also has a military agreement with Australia.[107] Other important military allies include Brunei, Indonesia, Japan, Malaysia, Singapore, South Korea, Taiwan, Thailand, the United Kingdom and Vietnam.
International relations
Main article: Foreign relations of the Philippines
The Philippines' international relations is focused on its ideals of democracy, peace and trade with other nations, as well as the well-being of the 11 million Overseas Filipinos living outside the country. It has aligned itself with several nations around the world including its Southeast Asian and Asia-Pacific neighbors, the United States, the Middle East, the Vatican and other countries.[108]
As a founding and active member of the United Nations, it has been elected several times into the Security Council and is an active participant in the Human Rights Council as well as in peacekeeping missions, particularly in East Timor.[109][110][111][112][113] Aside from the United Nations, the country is also a founding and active member of ASEAN (Association of Southeast Asian Nations) with the intention of strengthening relations with its Southeast Asian neighbors and promoting economic and cultural growth between member states.[114] It has hosted several summits and is an active contributor on the direction, and policies of the bloc.[115] The current relations it enjoys with other Southeast Asian states is in contrast with its relations with them before the 1970s when it was at war with Vietnam and was heavily disputing Sabah with Malaysia, although misunderstandings between these states continue to exist due to the Spratly Islands.[116]
The Philippines values its relations with the United States, and has actively supported most of the other's policies with regards to foreign affairs[108] As a Major non-NATO ally, the country supported the United States during the Cold War and the War on Terror. It has also committed itself to promote the American ideals of democracy. Despite this history of goodwill, controversy continues to exist between the relations of the two nations, with varying issues such as the Philippine-American War, the Bell Trade Act, the presence of U.S. military bases in Subic Bay and Clark, and the Visiting Forces Agreement.[108] Japan is also treated as an ally due to the Official Development Assistance given to the people, although historical tensions exist due to the plight of comfort women.[117]
Relations with Spain, Europe and Latin America remained positive due to shared interests. Despite the threat of violence (such as domestic abuse and war) on Overseas Filipino Workers, particularly on domestic workers, relations with Middle Eastern countries (including Egypt, Iran, Iraq,[118] Libya, Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab Emirates) continue to be friendly as proven by the continuous employment of more than two million Overseas Filipinos living there. Recent foreign policy has been mostly about economic relations with its Southeast Asian and Asia-Pacific neighbors.[108]
The Philippines is a member of the East Asia Summit (EAS), the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC), the Latin Union, the Group of 24 and the Non-Aligned Movement.[2] It is also seeking to strengthen relations with Islamic countries by campaigning for observer status in the Organization of Islamic Conference.[119][120]
Administrative divisions
Main article: Administrative divisions of the Philippines
| Region | Designation | Regional center |
|---|---|---|
| Ilocos Region | Region I | San Fernando, La Union |
| Cagayan Valley | Region II | Tuguegarao, Cagayan |
| Central Luzon | Region III | San Fernando, Pampanga |
| CALABARZON | Region IV-A | Calamba City, Laguna |
| MIMAROPA | Region IV-B | Calapan, Oriental Mindoro |
| Bicol Region | Region V | Legazpi, Albay |
| Western Visayas | Region VI | Iloilo City |
| Central Visayas | Region VII | Cebu City |
| Eastern Visayas | Region VIII | Tacloban |
| Zamboanga Peninsula | Region IX | Pagadian, Zamboanga del Sur |
| Northern Mindanao | Region X | Cagayan de Oro City |
| Davao Region | Region XI | Davao City |
| SOCCSKSARGEN | Region XII | Koronadal, South Cotabato |
| Caraga | Region XIII | Butuan |
| Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao | ARMM | Cotabato City |
| Cordillera Administrative Region | CAR | Baguio |
| National Capital Region | NCR | Manila |
Geography
Main article: Geography of the Philippines
The Philippines constitutes an archipelago of 7,107 islands[9] with a total land area of approximately 300,000 square kilometres (116,000 square miles). It is located between 116° 40', and 126° 34' E. longitude and 4° 40' and 21° 10' N. latitude and borders the Philippine Sea on the east, the South China Sea on the west, and the Celebes Sea on the south. The island of Borneo is located a few hundred kilometres southwest and Taiwan is located directly to the north. The Moluccas and Sulawesi are located to the south-southwest and Palau is located to the east of the islands.[2]
The Philippines is divided into three island groups: Luzon (Regions I to V, NCR and CAR), Visayas (VI to VIII), and Mindanao (IX to XIII and ARMM). The port of Manila, on Luzon, is the capital city and the second largest city after Quezon City.[2]
Most of the mountainous islands were covered in tropical rainforest and are volcanic in origin. The highest mountain is Mount Apo, located in Mindanao measuring at 2,954 metres (9,692 ft) above sea level. There are many active volcanos such as the Mayon Volcano, Mount Pinatubo and Taal Volcano. The islands are also located within the typhoon belt of the Western Pacific, and approximately 19 typhoons strike per year.[123]
Located on the northwestern fringes of the Pacific Ring of Fire, the Philippines have experienced frequent seismic and volcanic activities. Around 20 earthquakes are registered daily, though most are too weak to be felt. The last major earthquake was the 1990 Luzon earthquake.[124]
The longest river is the Cagayan River in northern Luzon. Manila Bay is connected to Laguna de Bay by means of the Pasig River. Subic Bay, the Davao Gulf and the Moro Gulf are some of the important bays. Transversing the San Juanico Strait is the San Juanico Bridge that connects the islands of Samar, and Leyte.[125]
Natural resources
Main article: Ecoregions in the Philippines
The Philippines has abundant natural resources in areas such as agriculture, natural beauty and minerals. It has fertile lands, diverse flora and fauna, extensive coastlines and rich mineral deposits.[126]
Endemic species include the tamaraw of Mindoro and the tarsier of Bohol. The Philippines lacks predators, with the exception of snakes, such as pythons and cobras, and birds of prey, such as the national bird, known as the Philippine eagle.[127] Other native animals include the palm civet cat,[128] the Mouse deer, the Visayan warty pig,[129] and several species of bats.
Rainforests boast an array of flora, including several types of orchids and rafflesia.[130] The narra is considered as the most important type of hardwood while banyan trees or the balete.[131] The islands' major crops include rice, corn, sugarcane, coconut, abaca, and tobacco. Rice is the most important source of food along with corn. The coconut, mango, watermelon and other native fruits are important contributors to the nation's income.
Due to the volcanic nature of the islands, mineral deposits are abundant. This also allows the Philippines to become a powerhouse with regards to geothermal energy.[132][133] A notable example of the volcanic features of the islands include the Benham Plateau to the east, a region active in tectonic subduction.[134]
The Philippine territorial waters encompass as much as 1.67 million square kilometres, producing a unique and diverse marine life, an important part of the Coral Triangle. There are 2,400 fish species. Other marine products include corals, pearls, crabs and seaweeds.[126][135] The rain forests offer prime habitat for more than 530 species of birds, some 800 species of orchids, and some 8,500 species of flowering plants.[136]
Deforestation is acute in Southeast Asia,[137] the second of the world's great biodiversity hot spots.[138] The forest cover of the Philippines declined from 70% of the country's total land area in 1900 to about 18.3% in 1999.[139][140]
Climate
Main article: Climate of the Philippines
The Philippines has a tropical climate and is usually hot and humid. The average yearly temperature is around 26.5°C (79.7°F). There are three recognized seasons: "Tag-init" or "Tag-araw" (the hot season or summer from March to May), "Tag-ulan" (the rainy season from June to November), and "Tag-lamig" (the cold season from December to February). The southwest monsoon (from May to October) is known as the "Habagat" and the dry winds of the northeast monsoon (from November to April) as the "Amihan".[141] The coolest month is January, and the warmest is May. Both temperature and humidity levels reach the maximum in April and May.[2] Manila and most of the lowland areas are hot and dusty from March to May.[142] Even at this period, the temperatures rarely rise above 37°C and sea-level temperatures rarely fall below 27°C. Annual rainfall measures as much as 5,000 millimeters in the mountainous east coast section but less than 1,000 millimetres in some of the sheltered valleys. Sitting astride the typhoon belt, most of the islands experience annual torrential rains and thunderstorms from July to October.[143]Economy
Main article: Economy of the Philippines
The Philippines is a newly industrialized country, with an economy anchored on agriculture but with substantial contributions from manufacturing, mining, remittances from overseas Filipinos and service industries such as tourism, and business process outsourcing.[144][145] Goldman Sachs includes the country in its list of the "Next Eleven" economies.[146]
In the 1960s, the economy was regarded as the second largest in Asia, next to Japan.[citation needed] However, the leadership of Ferdinand Marcos proved disastrous, by transforming the market economy into a centrally planned economy.[citation needed] The country suffered severe economic recession,[when?] only to recover in the 1990s with a program of economic liberalization.[citation needed]
The Philippine economy is heavily reliant on remittances as a source of foreign currency, surpassing foreign direct investment. China and India have emerged as major economic competitors, siphoning away investors who would otherwise have invested their businesses, particularly telecommunication companies. Regional development is also somewhat uneven, with Luzon, and Metro Manila in particular gaining most of the new economic growth at the expense of the other regions,[148] although the government has taken steps to distribute economic growth by promoting investment in other areas of the country.
The Philippines is a founding member of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN). It is also a member of the World Bank, the International Monetary Fund (IMF), the Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC), the World Trade Organization (WTO), the Colombo Plan and the G-77 and other International organization.[149] The daily income for 45% of the population of the Philippines is less than US$ 2.[150]
Demographics
The first official census in the Philippines was carried out in 1878. As of December 31, 1877, the country's population was recorded at 5,567,685 persons.[151] By 2009, the Philippines has become the world's 12th most populous nation, with a population of over 92 million.[11][12] In 2009, 11% of Filipinos are living abroad as migrant laborers. An estimated figure of half of the population resides on the island of Luzon. Manila, the capital city, is the eleventh most populous metropolitan area in the world. The population of Greater Manila Area is around 20 million.[152] Life expectancy is 71.09 years, with 74.15 years for females and 68.17 years for males.[153] Population growth rate between 1995 to 2000 was 3.21% but has decreased to an estimated 1.95% for the 2005 to 2010 period.[154]
Ethnicity
Main article: Ethnic groups of the Philippines
Filipinos belong to several Asian ethnic groups, grouped within the Malay or Malayo-Polynesian speaking people, who speak Austronesian languages. They originated from a population of Taiwanese aborigines,[155] that migrated to the Philippines thousands of years ago from Taiwan, and brought with them knowledge of agriculture and ocean-sailing technology. Various people of different races and nationalities have intermarried with various indigenous ethnic groups.[156] Their descendants are known as mestizos.[157] The official population of all types of mixed blood individuals living in the country remain unknown. The islands are composed of a multitude of different ethnic groups and cultures. These include non-tribal peoples such as the Visayan, the Tagalog, comprising about one-fifth of the country’s total population, the Ilocano, the Moro, the Kapampangan, the Bicolano, the Pangasinense, the Ibanag and the Ivatan.[158] Indigenous peoples are also present including the Igorot, the Lumad, the Mangyan, the Badjao, and the tribes of Palawan.[155] Negritos, such as the Aeta and the Ati, are considered the aboriginal inhabitants of the islands and are estimated to number around 300,000 people (0.3%).[155] Migrant ethnic groups who have settled in the country from elsewhere include Chinese, Spanish, Americans, Arabs, British, Europeans, Indonesians, Japanese, Koreans, and South Asians. Chinese Filipinos number about 2 million.[159]There are about 11 million Filipinos outside the Philippines.[13] Since the liberalization of United States immigration laws in 1965,[160] the number of people in the United States having Filipino ancestry had grown substantially to 3.1 million according to the 2007 United States census.[161] According to the US Census Bureau, immigrants from the Philippines made up the second largest group after Mexico.[162] Some 2 million Filipinos work in the Middle East, with nearly a million in Saudi Arabia alone.[163]
Cities
The figure below shows the top twenty largest cities in the Philippines.| Largest cities in the Philippines | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rank | City | Region | Population | Rank | City | Region | Population |  Manila  Makati  Pasig | |||
| 1 | Quezon City | National Capital | 2,679,450 | 11 | Cagayan de Oro | Region X | 553,966 | ||||
| 2 | Manila | National Capital | 1,660,714 | 12 | Parañaque | National Capital | 552,660 | ||||
| 3 | Caloocan | National Capital | 1,378,856 | 13 | Las Piñas | National Capital | 532,330 | ||||
| 4 | Davao City | Region XI | 1,363,337 | 14 | General Santos | Region XII | 529,542 | ||||
| 5 | Cebu City | Region VII | 798,809 | 15 | Makati | National Capital | 510,383 | ||||
| 6 | Zamboanga City | Region IX | 774,407 | 16 | Bacolod | Region VI | 499,497 | ||||
| 7 | Antipolo | Region IV-A | 633,971 | 17 | Muntinlupa | National Capital | 452,493 | ||||
| 8 | Pasig | National Capital | 617,301 | 18 | San Jose del Monte | Region III | 439,090 | ||||
| 9 | Taguig | National Capital | 613,343 | 19 | Marikina | National Capital | 424,610 | ||||
| 10 | Valenzuela | National Capital | 568,928 | 20 | Iloilo City | Region VI | 418,710 | ||||
| Philippines 2007 Census | |||||||||||
Language
| Native Languages (2000)[164] | |
|---|---|
| Tagalog | 22 million |
| Cebuano | 20 million |
| Ilokano | 7.7 million |
| Hiligaynon | 7 million |
| Waray-Waray | 3.1 million |
| Kapampangan | 2.9 million |
| Bicol Central | 2.5 million |
| Chavacano creoles | 2.5 million |
| Pangasinan | 2.4 million |
| Bicol Albay | 1.2 million |
| Maranao | 1.2 million |
| Maguindanao | 1.1 million |
| Kinaray-A | 1.1 million |
| Tausug | 1 million |
| Surigaonon | 0.6 million |
| Masbateño | 0.5 million |
| Aklanon | 0.5 million |
| Ibanag | 0.3 million |
Main article: Languages of the Philippines
Over 180 native languages and dialects are spoken in the Philippines. They are part of the Borneo-Philippines group of the Malayo-Polynesian languages, which is itself a branch of the Austronesian language family.[155]According to the 1987 Philippine Constitution, Filipino and English are the official languages. Filipino is a de facto version of Tagalog, spoken mainly in Metro Manila and other urban regions. Both Tagalog and English are used in government, education, print, broadcast media and business. Major languages recognized in the constitution include Bicolano, Cebuano, Ilocano, Hiligaynon or Ilonggo, Kapampangan, Pangasinan, Tagalog and Waray-Waray. Spanish and Arabic are both recognized as auxiliary languages.[155]
Other languages such as Aklanon, Boholano, Chavacano, Zamboangueño, Cuyonon, Ifugao, Itbayat, Ivatan, Kalinga, Kamayo, Kankana-ey, Kinaray-a, Maguindanao, Maranao, Masbatenyo, Romblomanon, Surigaonon, Tausug, Yakan and several Visayan languages are dominant in their respective provinces.[155]
Religion
Main article: Religion in the Philippines
The Philippines is one of two predominant Roman Catholic countries in Asia, the other being East Timor. It is composed of several diocese and archdiocese. More than 90% of the population are Christians. About 80% belong to the Roman Catholic Church while the remaining 10% belong to other Christian denominations, such as the Philippine Independent Church, Iglesia ni Cristo, The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, Seventh Day Adventist, United Church of Christ and the Orthodox Church./>[165]
Several Baroque churches are included in the list of UNESCO World Heritage Sites, including the San Agustín Church in Manila, the Paoay Church in Ilocos Norte, the Nuestra Señora de la Asunción (Santa María) Church in Ilocos Sur, the Santo Tomás de Villanueva Church in Iloilo and the Basilica Minore del Santo Niño in Cebu.
Between 5% to 10% of the population are Muslim, most of whom live in parts of Mindanao, Palawan and the Sulu Archipelago, an area known as Bangsamoro or the Moro region.[166][167] Some have migrated into urban and rural areas in different parts of the country. Most Muslim Filipinos practice Shafi'i, a form of Sunni Islam, while other tribal groups such as the Bajau, practice a form mixed with Animism.[165]
Philippine traditional religions are still practiced by many aboriginal and tribal groups, often syncretized with Christianity and Islam. Animism, Folk religion and Shamanism remain present as undercurrents of mainstream religion, through the albularyo, the babaylan and the manghihilot.[165] Meanwhile, Buddhism, Taoism and Chinese folk religion, are dominant in Chinese communities.[167]
Religions such as Bahá'í Faith, Hinduism, Judaism, other spiritual beliefs and those with no religion form the remaining minority.[168]
Education
Main article: Education in the Philippines
Education in the Philippines is mostly Westernized, based on the American education system. Philippine DepEd reports a functional literacy rate of 84.1% for 2003.[169] Other agencies are much more optimistic.[170][171] Literacy is about equal for males and females.[3][172] Spending for education composes 2.5% of the GDP.[3] There were 42,152 elementary schools and 8,455 high schools registered with DepEd for school year 2006–2007.[173] Classes start in June and end in March. The majority of colleges and universities follow a semester calendar from June to October and November to March. There are a number of foreign schools with study programs.[2] The general pattern of formal education follows six stages:
- Preschool
- Elementary school
- High school
- Post-secondary education
- Graduate education
- Adult education
Infrastructure
Transportation
Main article: Transportation in the Philippines
In spite of the mountainous terrain, approximately 14 percent of the 158,810 kilometres (98,110 miles) of roads in the Philippines are paved.[175] Buses, jeepneys, taxis, tricycles and motorcycles are available when getting around the major cities and towns. In 2007, there are about 5.53 million registered motor vehicles and an average annual registration rate of 4.55%.[176]
Train service is provided by the Strong Republic Transit System, which unified the three main railway networks that provide service of different areas of Metro Manila, and parts of Luzon, that includes the Manila Light Rail Transit System (LRT), the Manila Metro Rail Transit System (MRT) and the Philippine National Railways (PNR).
Seaports can be found throughout the islands. The busiest seaports are Manila, Cebu, Iloilo, Davao, Cagayan de Oro and Zamboanga, which are parts of the 3,219 kilometre of waterways and seaports.[3][175] Passenger ships and other sea vessels such as Superferry, Negros Navigation and Sulpicio Lines serves Manila, with links to various cities and towns. In 2003, the 919-kilometres Strong Republic Nautical Highway (SRNH) was established and this is an integrated set of highway segments and ferry routes covering 17 cities.[177]
Rivers, such as the Pasig River and Marikina River, have air-conditioned commuter ferries run by the Pasig River Ferry Service, connecting their numerous tributaries in Manila, Makati City, Mandaluyong City, Pasig City and Marikina City.[178]
There are 262 airports in the country, 75 of which have runways.[175] The Ninoy Aquino International Airport (NAIA) is the main airport. Other important airports include the Diosdado Macapagal International Airport, Mactan-Cebu International Airport and Francisco Bangoy International Airport. Philippine Airlines, Asia's oldest commercial airline still operating under its original name and Cebu Pacific, the leading domestic airline, are the major airlines serving most domestic and international destinations.
Communications
Main article: Communications in the Philippines
The Philippines has one of the most sophisticated cellular phone industries in the world and one of the highest concentrations of users.[179] Telecommunications are dominated by the Philippine Long Distance Telephone Company, which is also the largest company in the country.[179][180] Globe Telecom, Smart Communications and Sun Cellular on the other hand, are three of its largest cellular service providers.There are an estimated 41 million cellular phone users, the reason that the Philippines has been named as the "Texting Capital of the World",[181] and the ownership rate is increasing.[179] Text messaging has fostered a culture of quick greetings, and forwarded jokes among the Filipinos. Out of this growing number of avid texters, 5.5 million of them use their cellular phones as virtual wallets, making it a leader among developing nations in providing financial transactions over cellular networks.[181] In 2007, The nation sent an average of 1 billion SMS messages per day.[182]
Radio, television and internet are used frequently. There are approximately 381 AM and 628 FM stations and 250 national and 1,501 cable TV stations, as well as 14 million Internet users or 16% of the total population, being served by almost 100 Internet providers.[3][183]
Culture and society
Main articles: Culture of the Philippines, Literature of the Philippines, Music of the Philippines, and Original Pilipino Music
Philippine culture is a combination of Eastern and Western cultures. The Philippines shares many aspects with other Asian nations (such as Malaysia and China) in its heritage, yet it also displays significant American influence, and Hispanic influences derived from the cultures of Spain and Mexico. These influences are evident in literature, folk music, folk dance, language, food, art and religion.[144]
Traditional festivities known as barrio fiestas (district festivals) to commemorate the feast days of patron saints are common. One of the most visible Hispanic legacies is the prevalence of Spanish surnames and names among Filipinos. This peculiarity, unique among the people of Asia, came as a result of a colonial decree, the Clavería edict, for the systematic distribution of family names and implementation of the Spanish naming system on the population. A Spanish name and surname among the majority of Filipinos does not always denote Spanish ancestry.
The use of the English language in the Philippines is the United States' most visible legacy. It has contributed to the influence of American pop cultural trends. This is seen in Filipinos' love of fast-food, film and music. Fast food outlets are found on many street corners. American global fast food chain stalwarts have entered the market like McDonald's, those of Yum! Brands, Starbucks, and Burger King among others. However, local fast-food chains have emerged, and successfully compete against their foreign rivals including Goldilocks and most notably Jollibee the leading fast food chain in the country.[184] Modern day Filipinos also listen and watch contemporary European and American music and film. However, Original Pilipino Music (also known as OPM) and local films are also appreciated.
Cuisine
Main article: Filipino cuisine
Filipino cuisine has evolved over several centuries from its Malayo-Polynesian origins to become a mixed cuisine with many Hispanic, Chinese, American, and other Asian influences. These influences have been adapted to local ingredients and the Filipino palate to create distinctively Filipino dishes.
Dishes range from the very simple, like a meal of fried salted fish and rice, to the highly elaborate, such as the paellas and cocidos created for fiestas. Popular dishes include lechón, adobo, sinigang, kare-kare, tapa, crispy pata, pancit, lumpia, and halo-halo.
Unlike many of their Asian counterparts, Filipinos do not eat with chopsticks. They use western cutlery. However, possibly due to rice being the primary staple food and the popularity of a large number of stews or broth based main dishes in Filipino cuisine, the main pairing of utensils seen at the Filipino dining table is that of spoon and fork, not knife and fork. The traditional way of eating with the hands known as kamayan is seen more often in less urbanized areas.[citation needed]
Mythology and literature
Main articles: Philippine literature and Philippine mythology
Philippine mythology has been handed down through Philippine folk literature, which is the traditional oral literature of the Filipino people. This refers to a wide range of material due to the ethnic mix of the Philippines. Each unique ethnic group has its own stories and myths to tell. Nonetheless, Hindu and Spanish influence can be detected in many cases. Many of the myths are creation stories or stories about supernatural creatures, such as the Aswang (Vampire), the Diwata (Fairy), and Nature. The most recognized Philippine mythologies include the Ibong Adarna, Bernardo Carpio, Lam-Ang and Urduja.In Philippine literature Francisco Balagtas the writer of Florante at Laura is recognized as one of the Philippines' preeminent writers. José Rizal who wrote Noli Me Tangere (Touch Me Not), and El Filibusterismo (The Reign of Greed) depicted the abuses of Spanish rule in his work and is considered a national hero for inspiring other Philippine revolutionaries to seek independence. Fernando María Guerrero is known for his book of Hispanic literatures. Modern literature, such as Dekada '70 and Bayan Ko (My Country), have also received national recognition for illustrating the martial law period of the 1970s, and the pre-colonial period. Contemporary literature has mostly been focused on humor and everyday life, such as the works of Bob Ong.
Media
Main articles: Cinema of the Philippines, Television in the Philippines, Internet in the Philippines, Social networking in the Philippines, and Philippine drama
Philippine media uses mainly Filipino (a de facto version of Tagalog) and English. Other Philippine languages, including various Visayan languages are also used in the media. Radio is currently the most accessible type of media due to the remoteness of certain rural locations and most local languages are broadcasted in this format.The entertainment industry is vibrant with scandals and issues among celebrities, which are written in most broadsheets and tabloids.[185] Drama and fantasy shows are anticipated in major television networks such as ABS-CBN, GMA Network and TV5, so are Latin telenovelas, Asianovelas and anime. Daytime television is dominated by game shows, variety shows, and talk shows such as Eat Bulaga, Game KNB? and Wowowee. Philippine cinema is also appreciated, but has faced competition from American and European films. Despite this, critically praised directors and actors remain active, including Mike de Leon, Lino Brocka, Judy Ann Santos, Vilma Santos and Nora Aunor (known for her role in Himala, the most critically acclaimed film in the nation).[186][187][188][189]
With the Internet gaining popularity in recent years, social networking and MMORPGs, which are the most frequent internet activities and have lead a Philippine-based company known as "Level Up! Games" to emerge in the Philippine industry.[190][191]
Sports and recreation
Main article: Sports in the Philippines
Basketball is played at both amateur and professional levels and is considered to be the most popular sport in the Philippines.[192][193] In almost every corner of the cities, there is a basketball court as it is the favorite recreational activity by Filipinos.[194]
Basketball, boxing, billiards, soccer, horse racing, chess and ten-pin bowling are the most watched sports.[195] Philippine sports have produced several sports heroes, such as Francisco Guilledo, Flash Elorde, and Manny Pacquiao in boxing,[194] Paulino Alcántara in football (soccer), Carlos Loyzaga, Robert Jaworski and Ramon Fernandez in basketball, Efren Reyes in billiards,[196] Eugene Torre in chess,[197] and Rafael Nepomuceno in bowling.[198] Motocross, figure skating, cycling and mountaineering have become popular.
Traditional Filipino sports are popular,[199][200] among the youth, primarily as children's games, such as luksung baka, patintero, piko, and tumbang preso. Sungka, while not as popular as it once was, is still viewed as a significant part of the traditional native Filipino games. Card games are popular during festivities, with some, including pusoy and tong-its, being used as a form of illegal gambling. Mahjong is played in some Filipino communities. The yo-yo a popular toy with roots in the Philippines was introduced internationally by Pedro Flores with its name from the Ilokano language.
Arnis and eskrima are Filipino martial arts.
See also
Main article: Outline of the Philippines
References
- ^ "Republic Act No. 8491". Archived from the original on 2007-12-05. http://web.archive.org/web/20071205235342/http://www.gov.ph/aboutphil/RA8491.asp. Retrieved 2008-09-30.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i "General information". Government of the Philippines. Archived from the original on 2007-09-30. http://web.archive.org/web/20070930155742/http://www.gov.ph/aboutphil/general.asp. Retrieved 2007-10-01.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j Central Intelligence Agency. (2009-10-28). "East & Southeast Asia :: Philippines". The World Factbook. Washington, DC: Author. https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/rp.html. Retrieved 2009-11-07.
- ^ Department of Economic and Social Affairs Population Division (2009) (.PDF). World Population Prospects, Table A.1. 2008 revision. United Nations. http://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/wpp2008/wpp2008_text_tables.pdf. Retrieved 2009-03-12.
- ^ "Official population count reveals...". National Statistics Office, Republic of the Philippines. 2008. http://www.census.gov.ph/data/pressrelease/2008/pr0830tx.html. Retrieved 2008-04-17.
- ^ a b c d "Philippines". International Monetary Fund. http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2009/02/weodata/weorept.aspx?sy=2006&ey=2009&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=566&s=NGDPD%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPGDP%2CPPPPC%2CLP&grp=0&a=&pr.x=63&pr.y=6. Retrieved 2009-10-01.
- ^ "Human Development Report 2009: Human development index trends, Table G". The United Nations. http://hdr.undp.org/en/media/HDR_2009_EN_Complete.pdf. Retrieved 2009-10-05.
- ^ Lucas, Brian. "Which side of the road do they drive on?". http://www.brianlucas.ca/roadside/. Retrieved 2009-02-22.
- ^ a b Philippines : General Information. Government of the Philippines. Retrieved 2009-11-06.
- ^ Central Intelligence Agency. (2009). "Field Listing :: Coastline". Washington, DC: Author. Retrieved 2009-11-07.
- ^ a b "2000 Census-based Population Projection". National Statistics Office, Republic of the Philippines. 2006. http://www.census.gov.ph/data/sectordata/popproj_tab1r.html. Retrieved 2008-04-17.
- ^ a b "Philippines". International Monetary Fund. http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2008/02/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=80&pr.y=19&sy=2004&ey=2008&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=566&s=NGDPD%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPGDP%2CPPPPC%2CLP&grp=0&a=. Retrieved 2008-10-09.
- ^ a b Yvette Collymore (June 2003). "Rapid Population Growth, Crowded Cities Present Challenges in the Philippines". Population Reference Bureau. http://www.prb.org/Articles/2003/RapidPopulationGrowthCrowdedCitiesPresentChallengesinthePhilippines.aspx. "An estimated 10 percent of the country's population, or nearly 8 million people, are overseas Filipino workers distributed in 182 countries, according to POPCOM."
- ^ Williams, Jann; Cassia Read, Tony Norton, Steve Dovers, Mark Burgman, Wendy Proctor, Heather Anderson. (2001). "The Meaning, Significance and Implications of Biodiversity (continued)". Biodiversity Theme Report. CSIRO on behalf of the Australian Government Department of the Environment and Heritage. ISBN 0643067493. http://www.environment.gov.au/soe/2001/publications/theme-reports/biodiversity/biodiversity01-3.html. Retrieved 2009-11-06.
- ^ International Monetary Fund. (October 2009). Philippines: Gross domestic product, current prices (U.S. dollars) 2007 to 2014. Retrieved 2009-11-07 from World Economic Outlook Database.
- ^ Scott, William Henry (1994). Barangay: Sixteenth-century Philippine Culture and Society. Ateneo de Manila University Press. p. 6. ISBN 9715501354. http://books.google.com/books?id=15KZU-yMuisC. Retrieved 2009-05-14.
- ^ Harper, Douglas (Ed.). (2001). "Philippine". In Online Etymology Dictionary. Retrieved 2009-01-02.
- ^ The Utrecht Faculty of Education. "The Philippines - The Philippines in earlier times - The First Inhabitants 40,000 years ago". http://www.philippines.hvu.nl/history1.htm. Retrieved 2009-11-07.
- ^ Solheim II, Wilhelm G. "The Filipinos and their Languages". http://web.kssp.upd.edu.ph/linguistics/plc2006/papers/FullPapers/I-2_Solheim.pdf. Retrieved 2009-08-27.
- ^ "Igorot (people)". Encyclopædia Britannica Online.
- ^ Page 52, Societies in Prehispanic Philippines
- ^ de Morga, Antonio. (2006). History of the Philippine Islands, Volume 1 and 2. BiblioBazaar. ISBN 1426421206.
- ^ Kinaadman "Wisdom" (A Journal of the Southern Philippines) Historical Landmarks and Their Economic Impact - Page 40 - Volume 23 Year 2001
- ^ The Philippines and India – Dhirendra Nath Roy, Manila 1929 and India and The World – By Buddha Prakash p. 119–120.
- ^ Cembrano, Margarita R. Patterns of the Past: The Ethno Archaeology of Butuan.. http://www.geocities.com/Athens/Cyprus/8446/tara.html. Retrieved August 18, 2009.
- ^ Philippine History by Maria Christine N. Halili. "Chapter 3: Precolonial Philippines" (Published by Rex Bookstore; Manila, Sampaloc St. Year 2004)
- ^ The Kingdom of Namayan and Maytime Fiesta in Sta. Ana of new Manila, Traveler On Foot self-published l journal.
- ^ Volume 5 of A study of the Eastern and Western Oceans (Japanese: 東西洋考) mentions that Luzon first sent tribute to Yongle Emperor in 1406.
- ^ Akeanon Online - Aton Guid Ra! - Aklan History Part 3 - Confederation of Madyaas
- ^ The Unconquered Kingdom in The official website of the Royal Hashemite Sultanate of Sulu and the Royal Hashemite Sultanate of Sabah
- ^ Munoz, Paul Michel (2006). Early Kingdoms of the Indonesian Archipelago and the Malay Peninsula. Singapore: Editions Didier Millet. pp. 171. ISBN 9814155675.
- ^ Background Note: Brunei Darussalam, U.S. State Department.
- ^ Mangyan Heritage Center
- ^ 明史
- ^ "The Laguna Copperplate Inscription". 2006-07-14. http://www.mts.net/~pmorrow/lcieng.htm. Retrieved 2008-02-05.
- ^ Kinaadman (Volume 23, Year 2001 -Xavier University Press) Page 34.
- ^ Scott, William Henry, Prehispanic Source Materials for the Study of Philippine History, Quezon City: New Day Publishers, 1984. Page 59
- ^ Santos, Hector. "The Butuan Silver Strip." A Philippine Leaf. (accessed on August 9, 2007)
- ^ Hector Santos (August 28, 2009). "The Butuan Silver Strip Deciphered". A Philippine leaf. http://www.bibingka.com/dahon/mystery/silver2.htm. Retrieved 2009-09-28.
- ^ Jovito S. Abellana, "Bisaya Patronymesis Sri Visjaya" (Ms., Cebuano Studies Center, ca. 1960)
- ^ Maragtas by Pedro Alcantara Monteclaro
- ^ "Prehispanic Source Materials: for the study of Philippine History" (Published by New Day Publishers, Copyright 1984) Written by William Henry Scott, Page 67, Paragraph 3.
- ^ 100 Events That Shaped The Philippines (Adarna Book Services Inc. 1999 Published by National Centennial Commission) Page 72 "The Founding of the Sulu Sultanate"
- ^ "The Maguindanao Sultanate", Moro National Liberation Front web site. "The Political and Religious History of the Bangsamoro People, condensed from the book Muslims in the Philippines by Dr. C. A. Majul." Retrieved January 9, 2008.
- ^ Scott, William Henry, Prehispanic Source Materials for the Study of Philippine History, Quezon City: New Day Publishers, 1984
- ^ Pusat Sejarah Brunei. Accessed February 07, 2009.
- ^ Santiago, Luciano P.R., The Houses of Lakandula, Matanda, and Soliman [1571-1898]: Genealogy and Group Identity, Philippine Quarterly of Culture and Society 18 [1990]
- ^ Henson, Mariano A. 1965. The Province of Pampanga and Its Towns: A.D. 1300-1965. 4th ed. revised. Angeles City: By the author.
- ^ Agoncillo 1990, p. 22
- ^ a b Gregorio F. Zaide, Sonia M. Zaide (2004). Philippine History and Government, Sixth Edition. All-Nations Publishing Company.
- ^ Zaide, Sonia M. (1994). The Philippines: A Unique Nation. All Nations Publishing Co., Inc. pp. 83–84. ISBN 971-642-005-6.
- ^ Kurlansky, Mark. 1999. The Basque History of the World. Walker & Company, New York. ISBN 0-8027-1349-1, p. 64
- ^ Joaquin, Nick. 1988. Culture and History: Occasional Notes on the Process of Philippine Becoming. Solar Publishing, Metro Manila
- ^ Tomas L.. "Magat Salamat". http://www.geocities.com/sinupan/magatsalamat.htm. Retrieved 2008-07-14.
- ^ Fernando A. Santiago Jr.. "Isang Maikling Kasaysayan ng Pandacan, Maynila 1589-1898". http://www.philjol.info/index.php/MALAY/article/viewFile/80/77. Retrieved 2008-07-18.
- ^ [1] (Mexico Under Our Skin By Ambeth Ocampo (Published by Philippine Daily Inquirer on September 23 2009)
- ^ Spain (1680). Recopilación de las Leyes de Indias. Titulo Quince. De las Audiencias y Chancillerias Reales de las Indias. Spanish-language facsimile of the original.
- ^ Shafer, Robert J. The Economic Societies in the Spanish World, 1763-1821. Syracuse: Syracuse University Press, 1958.
- ^ US Country Studies: Education in the Philippines
- ^ Zaide, Gregorio F, Philippine History and Government, National Bookstore, Manila, 1984
- ^ The Cavite Mutiny - 12 Events That Have Influenced Filipino History
- ^ Joaquin, Nick. A Question of Heroes.
- ^ a b Ocampo, Ambeth. Rizal without the Undercoat
- ^ Jim Richardson. "DOCUMENTS OF THE Katipunan - Andrés Bonifacio Letter to Julio Nakpil, April 24, 1897". Katipunan - Archivo General Militar de Madrid. http://kasaysayan-kkk.info/docs.ab.240497.jn.htm. Retrieved January 2006.
- ^ Veltisezar Bautista (2002). "3. The Philippine Revolution (1896-1898)". The Filipino Americans (1763-Present): Their History, Culture and Traditions (2nd ed.). Naperville, IL: Bookhaus Pub.. ISBN 0-931613-17-5. https://bookhaus2.securesites.net/philnewscentral/cgi-bin/redirect.cgi?url=philrev.html. Retrieved 2009-05-14.
- ^ The Filipino Americans (1763-Present): Their History, Culture and Traditions. https://bookhaus2.securesites.net/philnewscentral/cgi-bin/redirect.cgi?url=filipino_am.html.
- ^ John M. Gates, “War-Related Deaths in the Philippines”, Pacific Historical Review , v. 53, No. 3 (August, 1984), 367-378.
- ^ 1900s: The Epidemic Years. Society of Philippine Health History.
- ^ Guillermo, Emil (February 8, 2004). "A first taste of empire". Milwaukee Journal Sentinel: 03J.(author unknown) (November 1, 2003). "Kipling, the 'White Man's Burden,' and U.S. Imperialism". Monthly Review 55: 1.
- ^ "The Philippine Bill of July 1902". Filipiniana.net online digital library. http://www.filipiniana.net/ArtifactView.do?artifactID=T00000000006&page=1&epage=1. Retrieved 2009-10-28.
- ^ "Tydings-McDuffie Act". Encyclopædia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9073977/Tydings-McDuffie-Act. Retrieved 2007-02-10.
- ^ "Text of the Tydings-McDuffie Act". The ChanRobles Group. http://www.chanrobles.com/tydingsmcduffieact.htm. Retrieved 2007-02-10.
- ^ "Jones Act". Encyclopædia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9043951/Jones-Act. Retrieved 2007-02-10.
- ^ Philippine Historical Association 2000 (Chapter 4)
- ^ Philippines - World War II. Source: U.S. Library of Congress.
- ^ The Cambridge history of Southeast Asia, Volume 2, Part 1. "Conservative Economic American Interests Lobby for Philippine Independence."
- ^ The Nacionalista Party of the Philippines Official Website
- ^ Official Website of the Subic Naval Base (United States Military)
- ^ Daniel B. Schirmer; Stephen Rosskamm Shalom (1987). The Philippines reader: a history of colonialism, neocolonialism, dictatorship, and resistance. South End Press. p. 88. ISBN 9780896082755. http://books.google.com/books?id=TXE73VWcsEEC.
- ^ a b Zunes, Stephen et al. (1999). Nonviolent Social Movements: A Geographical Perspective. Blackwell Publishing. p. 129. ISBN 1577180763. http://books.google.com/books?id=rlIH-NQbFQgC&pg=PA129&dq=Philippine+People+power+revolution&sig=7ySJUQMNs_CGk1eRVRlEqYqACv8#PPA129,M1. Retrieved 2007-12-03..
- ^ No peaceful People Power without Cory (Published by Philippine Daily Inquirer on August 21, 2009) Written by Rigoberto D. Tiglao
- ^ retrieved on August 1, 2009.
- ^ US: Support for Latin American Dictators (Published by Stanford University)
- ^ People Power and the Fall of the Berlin Wall (Published by Times Higher Education on November 5 2009)
- ^ U.S. Support for Philippine Dictatorship: Threat to Peace and Security in Asia by Schirmer, Daniel Boone (University of California Press, 10-01-1973)
- ^ Aquino, Corazon. "Corazon Aquino Speaks to Fulbrighters" Washington, D.C. (1996-10-11). Retrieved on 2008-04-15.
- ^ a b Gargan, Edward A. (December 11, 1997). "Last Laugh for the Philippines; Onetime Joke Economy Avoids Much of Asia's Turmoil". New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/1997/12/11/business/last-laugh-for-philippines-onetime-joke-economy-avoids-much-asia-s-turmoil.html. Retrieved 2008-01-25.
- ^ Estrada guilty of plunder; Perjury Rap dropped (Published by Agence France-Presse, INQUIRER.net on 09:09:00 09/12/2007) written by Tetch Torres
- ^ "The Houses of Lakandula, Matanda, and Soliman (1571-1898): Genealogy and Group Identity". Philippine Quarterly of Culture and Society 18. 1990.
- ^ The Story Behind the 2nd People Power Revolution (Published by Tripod 2002)
- ^ "The Houses of Lakandula, Matanda, and Soliman (1571-1898): Genealogy and Group Identity". Philippine Quarterly of Culture and Society 18. 1990.
- ^ a b CIA World Factbook, Philippines, Retrieved 23 November 2008
- ^ "Economy grew 7.3% in 2007, fastest in 31 years". Philippine Daily Inquirer. January 1, 2008. http://business.inquirer.net/money/topstories/view/20080131-115909/Economy-expands-73-in-2007-fastest-pace-in-31-years. Retrieved 2008-03-18.
- ^ World Bank Declares that the Philippines is a newly industrialized nation
- ^ IMF World Economic Outlook Database, April 2009. GDP-PPP figures of selected NIC countries for 2007 and 2008.
- ^ "The Philippines is the only country growing in the midst of the financial crisis." Written by Fidel Valdez Ramos, Former President, Republic of the Philippines
- ^ People Power's Philippine Saint: Corazon Aquino (Published by Time Magazine) Written By DIANA WALKER
- ^ Civil service reform: Whose service?, inwent.org, Retrieved on 2008-11-30.
- ^ http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=no8VAAAAIBAJ&sjid=bQsEAAAAIBAJ&pg=4208,1807319&dq=charter+change+ramos+president
- ^ Guide to the Philippines conflict BBC
- ^ The Mindanao Conflict in the Philippines: Roots, Costs, and Potential Peace Dividend
- ^ United Nations Security Council: Official Records: First Year, First Series, First Meeting
- ^ Wah Kin Chin, Suryadinata Leo. Michael, Leifer Selected Works on Southeast Asia.
- ^ "Coalition Members". The White House. 2003-03-27. http://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2003/03/20030327-10.html.
- ^ "Agreement Regarding the Treatment of US Armed Forces Visiting the Philippines". ChanRobles Law Library. http://www.chanrobles.com/visitingforcesagreement1.htm. Retrieved 2009-03-22.
- ^ "Agreement Regarding the Treatment of RP Personnel Visiting the USA". ChanRobles Law Library. http://www.chanrobles.com/visitingforcesagreement2.htm. Retrieved 2006-09-16.
- ^ "Agreement Between the Government of Australia and the Government of the Republic of the Philippines Concerning the Status of Visiting Forces of Each State in the Territory of the Other State". Government of Australia. May 31, 2007. http://www.aph.gov.au/house/committee/jsct/7august2007/treaties/philippines_text.pdf. Retrieved 2007-12-25.
- ^ a b c d "Philippines". United States Department of State. http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2794.htm. Retrieved 2008-01-11.
- ^ "About Us". Permanent Mission of the Republic of the Philippines to the United Nations. http://www.un.int/philippines/about/permrep.html. Retrieved 2008-01-12.
- ^ "The Philippines and the UN Security Council". Permanent Mission of the Republic of the Philippines to the United Nations. http://www.un.int/philippines/security_council/. Retrieved 2008-01-12.
- ^ Human Rights Council: Membership by regional groups from 19 June 2006-18 June 2007.
- ^ United Nations Security Council Resolution 1272 S-RES-1272(1999) in 1999 (retrieved 2008-04-12)
- ^ "RESOLUTION 1272 (1999)". United Nations Security Council. 25 October 1999. http://www.unmit.org/UNMISETwebsite.nsf/p9999/$FILE/1272.pdf. Retrieved 2009-07-10.
- ^ Bangkok Declaration. Wikisource. Retrieved 14 March 2007.
- ^ ASEAN Structure, ASEAN Primer
- ^ http://www.gmanews.tv/story/84023/6-Philippine-occupied-islands-covered-in-Spratly-agreements
- ^ "The United Nations Budget - Assessed contributions of member states to the regular budget". Encyclopedia of the Nations. http://www.nationsencyclopedia.com/United-Nations/The-United-Nations-Budget-ASSESSED-CONTRIBUTIONS-OF-MEMBER-STATES-TO-THE-REGULAR-BUDGET.html. Retrieved 2009-07-10.
- ^ http://www.nytimes.com/2009/09/09/world/middleeast/09bases.html
- ^ "DFA: ‘Technicalities’ blocking RP bid for OIC observer status". gmanews.tv. May 26, 2009. http://www.gmanews.tv/story/162925/DFA-Technicalities-blocking-RP-bid-for-OIC-observer-status. Retrieved 2009-07-10.
- ^ Cynthia Balana (May 26, 2009). "RP nears observer status in OIC -- DFA". Philippine Daily Inquirer. http://globalnation.inquirer.net/news/news/view/20090526-207265/RP-nears-observer-status-in-OIC----DFA. Retrieved 2009-07-10.
- ^ NCSB PSGC summary
- ^ "An Act to Amend Section One of Republic Act Numbered Thirty Hundred and Forty-Six, Entitled "An Act to Define the Baselines of the Territorial Sea of the Philippines"". Chanrobles Law Library. September 18, 1968. http://www.chanrobles.com/republicacts/republicactno5446.html. Retrieved 2008-07-24.
- ^ Kee-Chai Chong; Ian R. Smith; Maura S. Lizarondo (1982). "III. The transformation sub-system: cultivation to market size in fishponds". Economics of the Philippine Milkfish Resource System. The United Nations University. ISBN 928083468. http://www.unu.edu/unupress/unupbooks/80346e/80346E06.htm. Retrieved 2009-05-14.
- ^ The 1990 Baguio City Earthquake at City of Baguio. Retrieved October 3, 2006.
- ^ Leyte is Famous For.... Retrieved September 30, 2008.
- ^ a b E-Travel Pilipinas: The Philippine Natural Resources. Retrieved January 22, 2009.
- ^ BirdLife International (2004). Pithecophaga jefferyi. 2006. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCN 2006. www.iucnredlist.org. Retrieved on 2009-1-7.
- ^ BBC report In the Philippines
- ^ Visayan Warty Pig Conservation Programme[dead link]
- ^ Rare flower species found only in northern Philippines
- ^ Ellayn De Vera & Charrissa M. Luci, "Balete Drive: White Lady, Haunted houses and other myths"
- ^ Geothermal Education Office - The Philippines
- ^ Birsic, R.J. The Philippines geothermal success story Geothermal Energy (vol. 8, Aug.-Sept. 1980, p. 35–44)
- ^ "Submissions, through the Secretary-General of the United Nations, to the Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf, pursuant to article 76, paragraph 8, of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea of 10 December 1982". United Nations Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf. 28 May 2009. http://www.un.org/Depts/los/clcs_new/commission_submissions.htm. Retrieved 29 May 2009.
- ^ About the Philippines. Retrieved January 22, 2009.
- ^ Biodiversity Hotspots: Philippines. Retrieved January 22, 2009.
- ^ CHINA: China is black hole of Asia's deforestation. Asia News. March 24, 2006.
- ^ SE Asia faces 'catastrophic' extinction rate. BBC News. July 23, 2003.
- ^ "Forests for poverty alleviation: the response of academic institutions in the Philippines, Eleno O. Peralta". Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO).
- ^ "The Lost Forest". Field Museum of Natural History.
- ^ PAGASA: Climate
- ^ Lonely Planet: Weather in the Philippines. Retrieved January 23, 2009.
- ^ Photius: The Philippine Climate
- ^ a b Steinberg, David Joel (2007). "Philippines". Encarta. http://encarta.msn.com/text_761558570___0/Philippines.html.
- ^ As India gets too costly, BPOs turn to Philippines Philippine Daily Inquirer. Retrieved October 2, 2006.
- ^ Wilson, Dominic and Anna Stupnytska. (2007-03-28). "The N-11: More Than an Acronym" (Global Economics Paper No: 153). Goldman Sachs Economic Research. Retrieved 2009-11-07.
- ^ "Philippines Aims to Boost Growth by 2009". forbes.com. Archived from the original on 2007-02-20. http://web.archive.org/web/20070222103704/http://www.forbes.com/feeds/ap/2007/02/20/ap3443340.html. Retrieved 2008-01-09.
- ^ Beyond Imperial Manila, Manila Standard Today. Retrieved July 25, 2006.
- ^ International Organization Participation[dead link] CIA World Factbook[dead link]
- ^ Human Development Indices, Human Development Report Office
- ^ Population of the Philippines Census Years 1799 to 2007. National Statistical Coordination Board.
- ^ Philippine National Statistics Office
- ^ "Field Listing :: Life expectancy at birth". CIA World Factbook. https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2102.html. Retrieved 2009-08-27.
- ^ Growth rate for 2005-2010 Census Bureau of the Philippines. Retrieved 18 June 2009.
- ^ a b c d e f "Languages of Philippines". etnologue.com. http://www.ethnologue.com/show_country.asp?name=PH.
- ^ "A Predominantly Indigenous Paternal Heritage for the Austronesian-Speaking peoples of Insular South Asia and Oceania". Stanford University. http://hpgl.stanford.edu/publications/AJHG_2001_v68_p432.pdf. Retrieved 2001.
- ^ "The Impact of Spanish Rule in the Philippines". Center for Southeast Asian Studies, Northern Illinois University.
- ^ "Philippines". Encyclopædia Britannica Online.
- ^ "Chinese lunar new year might become national holiday in Philippines too". Xinhua News Agency. 2009-08-23.
- ^ "The Philippines' Culture of Migration". Maruja M.B. Asis, Scalabrini Migration Center-Philippines.
- ^ The U.S. Census Bureau 2007 American Community Survey counted 3,053,179 Filipinos; 2,445,126 native and naturalized citizens, 608,053 of whom were not U.S. citizens: "Selected Population Profile in the United States: Filipino alone or in any combination". United States Census Bureau. http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/IPTable?_bm=y&-context=ip&-reg=ACS_2007_1YR_G00_S0201:038;ACS_2007_1YR_G00_S0201PR:038;ACS_2007_1YR_G00_S0201T:038;ACS_2007_1YR_G00_S0201TPR:038&-qr_name=ACS_2007_1YR_G00_S0201&-qr_name=ACS_2007_1YR_G00_S0201PR&-qr_name=ACS_2007_1YR_G00_S0201T&-qr_name=ACS_2007_1YR_G00_S0201TPR&-ds_name=ACS_2007_1YR_G00_&-tree_id=306&-redoLog=false&-geo_id=01000US&-geo_id=NBSP&-search_results=16000US3651000&-format=&-_lang=en. Retrieved 2009-02-01.
- ^ "Migration in the Asia-Pacific Region". Stephen Castles, University of Oxford. Mark J. Miller, University of Delaware. July 2009.
- ^ 2 million reasons for withdrawing 51 troops. San Francisco Chronicle. July 26, 2004.
- ^ Philippine Census, 2000. Table 11. Household Population by Ethnicity, Sex and Region: 2000
- ^ a b c "2000 Census: ADDITIONAL THREE PERSONS PER MINUTE". National Statistics Office. Archived from the original on 2007-04-09. http://web.archive.org/web/20070409163753/http://www.census.gov.ph/data%5cpressrelease%5c2003%5cpr0323tx.html. Retrieved 2008-01-09.
- ^ "RP closer to becoming observer-state in Organization of Islamic Conference". Philippine Star. 2009-05-29. http://www.philstar.com/Article.aspx?articleId=472375&publicationSubCategoryId=205. Retrieved 2009-07-10.
- ^ a b "Philippines: International Religious Freedom Report 2008". U.S. Department of State. http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2008/108421.htm. Retrieved 2009-07-10.
- ^ "The world Factbook (Philippines)". Central Intelligence Agency. https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/rp.html. Retrieved 2009.
- ^ DepEd Factsheet, 12 May 2008
- ^ "Human Development Indicators" (PDF). United Nations Development Programme. p. 259. Archived from the original on 2007-07-02. http://web.archive.org/web/20070702184520/http://hdr.undp.org/reports/global/2005/pdf/HDR05_HDI.pdf. Retrieved 2008-01-09.
- ^ "The Philippines: People". CIA World Factbook. https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/rp.html#People. Retrieved 2008-01-09.[dead link]
- ^ National Statistics Office QuickStat Index Page. Retrieved January 24, 2009.
- ^ Department of Education: Basic Education Fact Sheets. Retrieved January 24, 2009.
- ^ Department of Education of the Philippines
- ^ a b c Asian Info: The Philippine Transportation System. Retrieved January 22, 2009.
- ^ Land Transportation Office: Number of Motor Vehicles Registered. Retrieved January 22, 2009.
- ^ Macapagal Official website: Strong Republic Nautical Highway. Retrieved January 22, 2009.
- ^ Government revives Pasig River ferry service. GMA News.TV. February 14, 2007.
- ^ a b c Forbes Magazine. September 03, 2008.
- ^ "Special Report: The Global 2000". forbes.com. April 2, 2008. p. 10. http://www.forbes.com/lists/2008/18/biz_2000global08_The-Global-2000_Counrty_10.html.
- ^ a b Cell phones double as electronic wallets in Philippines. Teves, Oliver. USA Today. September 29, 2007.
- ^ Filipinos sent 1 billion text messages daily in 2007. Francisco, Rosemarie. The Philippine Daily Inquirer. March 03, 2008.
- ^ Internetworld Stats. Retrieved January 22, 2009.
- ^ "The Jollibee Phenomenon". Jollibee, Inc.. Archived from the original on 2007-06-23. http://web.archive.org/web/20070623034806/http://www.jollibee.com.ph/corporate/phenomenon.htm. Retrieved 2008-01-09.)
- ^ "Country profile: The Philippines". BBC News. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/country_profiles/1262783.stm. Retrieved 2008-01-06.
- ^ ASIA PACIFIC SCREEN AWARDS WINNERS ANNOUNCED, ebroadcast.com.au.
- ^ Michael Bodey, Kazakh comedy wins Asia-Pacific best movie award, Reuters India, November 11, 2008.
- ^ Balloon Grabs Asia-Pac Screen Award, The Australian, November 12, 2008.
- ^ Himala is CNN best film of all time in Asia-Pacific, GMA News, November 12, 2008.
- ^ "Power To The People: Social Media Tracker, Wave3". Universal McCann. March 2008. http://www.universalmccann.com/Assets/wave_3_20080403093750.pdf. Retrieved 2008-06-22.
- ^ Liao, Jerry (May 20, 2008). "The Philippines - Social Networking Capital of the World". Manila Bulletin. http://www.mb.com.ph/issues/2008/05/20/TECH20080520124703.html. Retrieved 2008-06-23.[dead link]
- ^ Philippine Sports and Recreation. Retrieved January 22, 2009.
- ^ Asiarooms: Travel Guide to the Philippines. Retrieved January 22, 2009.
- ^ a b Go Abroad website: Travel Information and Guide for the Philippines. Retrieved January 24, 2009.
- ^ Yankees abroad: Sports in the Philippines. Retrieved January 22, 2009.
- ^ Billiards Congress of America: Hall of Fame Inductees. Retrieved January 24, 2009.
- ^ Fide Chess Player Information. Retrieved January 24, 2009.
- ^ Rafael Nepomuceno Official website. Retrieved January 24, 2009.
- ^ Mga Larong Kinagisnan, Hagonoy.com
- ^ Mga Larong Pilipino, Seasite.niu.edu
External links
Find more about Philippines on Wikipedia's sister projects:
Definitions from Wiktionary
Textbooks from Wikibooks
Quotations from Wikiquote
Source texts from Wikisource
Images and media from Commons
News stories from Wikinews
Learning resources from Wikiversity- Government
- Official website of the Philippine Government – Portal to governmental sites
- Chief of State and Cabinet Members
- General information
- BBC Country Profile on the Philippines
- Philippines entry at The World Factbook
- Philippines from the United States Department of State includes Background Notes, Country Study and major report
- Philippines at UCB Libraries GovPubs
- Philippines at the Open Directory Project
- Wikimedia Atlas of Philippines
- Philippines, an external wiki
- See Action For Economic Reforms to know about economic and social issues in the Philippines
- Maps
- Other
- Washington Post's: How the Philippines Sees America
- Philippines Daily Photos
- Origins of the Filipinos and Their Languages by Wilhelm G. Solheim II (PDF)
- History of the Philippine Islands in many volumes, from Project Gutenberg (and indexed under Emma Helen Blair, the general editor)
- WikiAnswers: Q&A about the Philippines
- Asia Philippines PHOTOS
- USAID country health statistical report : Philippines (May 2008)
- Philippines travel guide from Wikitravel
- WOW Philippines Tourism Ad
- Around Philippines PHOTOS
- Wikimedia
| ||
